1. Which of the following correctly expresses the relative placement of a vertebrate’s nerve cord and major blood vessels?

A. Both are dorsal.
B. Both are ventral.
C. The nerve cord is ventral and the blood vessels are dorsal.
D. The nerve cord is dorsal and the blood vessels are ventral.

2. Which of the following is NOT a correct match?

A. Scaly legs — frog.
B. Crop and gizzard — chicken.
C. Boneless — shark.
D. Free-living — lamprey.

3. Which of these features would NOT be found in a trout?

A. Operculum.
B. Swim bladder.
C. Spiral valve.
D. Cloaca.

4. The limbs of a salamander cannot support much weight because they

A. are more like fins than legs.
B. are not attached by bone to the spine.
C. stick out sideways from the body.
D. are weak and largely non-functional.

5. Limbs are attached to the vertebral column as follows:

A. pelvic are on the left; pectoral are on the right.
B. pelvic are on the right; pectoral are on the left.
C. pelvic are anterior; pectoral are posterior.
D. pelvic are posterior; pectoral are anterior.

6. Which of the following animals has a heart with clearly only one ventricle?

A. Salamanders.
B. Alligators.
C. Chickens.
D. Horses.

7. Which of the following BEST describes the skeletal system of the classes of fish?

A. Agnatha — absent; Chondrichthyes — boney; Osteichthyes — cartilaginous.
B. Agnatha — cartilaginous; Chondrichthyes — cartilaginous; Osteichthyes — boney.
C. Agnatha — absent; Chondrichthyes — boney; Osteichthyes — cartilaginous.
D. Agnatha — boney; Chondrichthyes — cartilaginous; Osteichthyes — boney.

8. A cloaca is a common opening for all of the following systems EXCEPT

A. digestive.
B. reproductive.
C. excretory.
D. circulatory.

9. Fat deposits in vertebrates have two main functions. Besides being a long term food supply, they

A. create the appearance of larger size.
B. help maintain body temperature.
C. provide an internal water proofing.
D. remove impurities from the blood.

10. Which system is NOT present in vertebrates?

A. Respiratory.
B. Water vascular.
C. Excretory.
D. Endocrine.

11. An endothermic animal gets its body temperature from

A. the environment.
B. other endothermic animals.
C. ectothermic animals.
D. its own metabolic activity.

12. The most efficient respiratory systems are found among the

A. fish.
B. birds.
C. reptiles.
D. mammals.

13. Which group of chordates typically reproduces using internal fertilization?

A. Turtles, frogs, birds.
B. Bats, salamanders, whales.
C. Snakes, kangaroos, platypuses.
D. Sharks, alligators, anteaters.

14. The lungs of a mammal are located in its

A. alimentary canal.
B. abdominal cavity.
C. cranial cavity.
D. thoracic cavity.

15. What is the main difference between the uterus of a human and the uterus of a rat?

A. Shape.
B. Function.
C. Location in the body.
D. Attachment to internal other organs.

16. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the digestive organs through which material pass in a rat?

A. Mouth, trachea, stomach, small intestine, anus.
B. Mouth, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine.
C. Mouth, stomach, rectum, large intestine, anus.
D. Mouth, stomach, small intestine, caecum, large intestine.

17. How do marsupials differ from other mammals?

A. They are the only mammals that have a placenta.
B. They do not have internal fertilization.
C. Their young are born at a much earlier stage of development.
D. They do not have mammary glands with nipples.

18. Which of the following membranes most directly surrounds a developing embryo?

A. Allantoic sac.
B. Amniotic sac.
C. Chorionic sac.
D. Yolk sac.

19. Birds and reptiles share all of the following EXCEPT

A. Amniotic egg.
B. Scales.
C. Lightweight bones.
D. Beaks and claws.

20. A structure present in a rat yet absent in a frog is a

A. lung.
B. diaphragm.
C. kidney.
D. spleen.